The vibration and noise problems of aero-engine gearboxes have become the key elements that influence the reliability, life and operation environment of power transmission system. This paper clarifies the main sources and transmission path of the gearbox system based on the summarization and analysis of its mechanism, which can help the designer make choices among the main influential parameters during design phase. Additionally, this paper establishes a prediction method for gearbox radiant noise, which benefits the gearbox noise assessment and pinpoints the weak spots of the gearbox structure so as to optimize the gearbox structure. Research results lay a good foundation for designing a gearbox with low vibration and noise level.